England's flag is the red cross of St George, the patron saint of England.
Because the English Flag is Based on the Genoan Flag
* The original St. George's flag, a red cross on a white field , was adopted by the Republic of Genoa in 1099, after the first crusade.
* Then, it was adopted by England and the City of London, in 1190, for use on their ships entering the Mediterranean Sea to benefit from the protection of the Geonoese fleet.
* The English Monarch paid an annual tribute to the Doge of Genoa for this privilege.
* Since then, that flag remains as both Genoa's & England's flag.
Englands Flag Colors Represent..
England-is-represented-by-flag-of-st.George
THE HISTORY AND MEANING OF THE UNION JACK OR UNION FLAG
The British Flag: a Symbol of Unity
The Union Jack is a transnational flag full of historical significance. It represents the union of different countries and the growth of a family of nations whose influence extends far beyond the British Isles. This far-reaching influence is still seen today in the incorporation of the Union Jack in other national flags such as that of Australia. The British flag is called the "Union Jack", an expression that needs to be explained.
The Union Jack is a fine expression of unity as well as diversity. The British flag incorporates the national symbols of three distinct countries, England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. In fact its name "Union Jack" emphasises the very nature of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland as a union of nations.
The flag is also known by another name, this too, emphasising the idea of union: the "Union flag", perhaps a less common term but a little more precise. The countries comprising the British Isles are not inward-looking or isolated states with an insular mentality; together they constitute a powerful union that has spanned centuries.
Recent devolution that gave Scotland its own Parliament and Wales its own Assembly has also emphasised the importance of individual national identities within the union without affecting the essential unity of Great Britain. On the contrary, it has strengthened it. Recognition of, and respect for national identities are an essential ingredients for effective union. The Union Jack symbolises all this: respect for individuality within a closely knit community.
The "Union Jack" or "Union Flag" is a composite design made up of three different national symbols:
St. George's Cross,
the flag of EnglandSt. Andrew's Cross,
the flag of Scotland
St. Patrick's Cross,
the flag of Ireland
The cross represented in each flag is named after the patron saint of each country: St. George, patron saint of England, St. Andrew, patron saint of Scotland and St. Patrick, patron saint of Ireland.
The image below renders the idea of the union of the three flags forming one unified, transnational Flag.
No mention has been made of the Welsh flag. The Welsh dragon was not incorporated into the Union Flag because Wales had already been united to England when the first version of the Union Flag was designed in 1606. It is, however, in common use:
The Welsh Dragon
THE HISTORY OF THE UNION JACK
The first step taken in the creation of the flag of Great Britain was on 12th April 1606. When King James VI of Scotland became king of England (King James I) it was decided that the union of the two realms under one king should be represented symbolically by a new flag. Originally It consisted in the red cross of England superimposed on the white cross of Scotland on the blue background of the Scottish flag as in this illustration:
Thus we have the first flag of the union called, in fact, the "Union Flag".
What was meant to be a symbol of unity actually became a symbol of international controversy. The English resented the fact that the white background of their cross had disappeared and that the new flag had the blue Scottish background. On the other hand the Scottish resented the fact that the English red cross was superimposed on the Scottish white cross!! The old adage says you cannot please everyone but this first version of the Union Flag seemed to please no-one!!
Apparently there was an unofficial "Scottish version" that attempted to rectify the sense of injustice that the Scottish felt at this innovatory flag. A distinct reference was made to this version when the King visited Dumfries in 1618. Here is what it looked like:
The controversy was destined to last!! There is conflict in the best of families!!
However, the flag was usually restricted to use at sea until the two kingdoms of Scotland and England were united in 1707. It was most probably from this use at sea that it got the name "Jack" ("Union Jack"). It was usually flown at the bow end of the ship, from the jack staff.
An attempt was made to modify the flag under Oliver Cromwell. A harp was placed in the centre, representing Ireland. However, the original design was restored along with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660.
The flag continued to be used in its original form until Jan. 1, 1801. At that time, with the union of Ireland and Great Britain, it became necessary to represent Ireland in the Union Flag and so the cross of St. Patrick was include thus creating the flag as we now have it. When the southern part of Ireland gained its independence in 1921 and became the Irish Free State no alteration was made to the Union Jack.
The name "Union Jack" became official when it was approved in Parliament in 1908. It was stated that "the Union Jack should be regarded as the National flag".
The England Flag consists of three
elements: the cross of St. George (red on white) for England, the cross of St.
Andrew (white diagonal on blue) for Scotland, and the so-called cross of St.
Patrick (red diagonal on white) for Ireland. The original Union Jack/Union Flag
adopted in 1606 was symmetrical: the red cross of St. George outlined in white
overlaid on top of a St. Andrew's flag, which was blue with a white X.
In 1801, an Act of Union which made Ireland a co-equal
member of the United Kingdom made it necessary to add a symbol for Ireland to
the flag, but without obliterating any of the existing symbols. If the St.
Patrick's cross had been centered on the diagonal stripes, then St. Andrew's
cross would have been relegated to an inferior position, basically serving only
as a border for St. Patrick's. The solution was to divide the diagonal stripes
diagonally, so that the red St. Patrick's cross would take up only half of each
stripe, and so that half devoted to St. Andrew would take the place of honor. Thus,
in the two hoist quarters, the white St. Andrew's cross occupies the upper
position, and in the two fly quarters, the red St. Patrick's cross occupies the
upper position.
That is only done with ensigns, in which the Union
emblem occupies only the upper hoist quarter of the flag. When a British (or
American) ensign is flown "union down," it is obviously
distinguishable from one flown in the normal fashion. An upside-down Union Jack
is not sufficiently different from a right side-up Union Jack to be useful as a
signal of anything except that the person hoisting it wasn't paying attention.
As originally designed (and approved prior to
introduction) the flag had red and white saltires of even width (counterchanged
at the central point as Joe explained) with a white fimbriation added to the
red. The present design where the white fimbriation is actually taken from the
red making the saltire of St Patrick narrower than that of St Andrew was an
Admiralty variant - dating originally from the shortly after the introduction
in 1801 - which has become established as the official design (except for
military colours which have even saltires).
If the St Patrick's Cross was centred on the St
Andrew's Cross, then it would look like Andrew was just a fimbriation for
Patrick. In reality, they are equal, and so you will note that the thin white
stripe next to the St Patrick's Cross is a fimbriation, whereas the Saint
Andrew's Cross of course needs no fimbriation. Why the anticlockwise attitude
of St Patrick vis-à-vis St Andrew? Because The St Andrew's Cross, representing
Scotland, the older member of the United Kingdom, comes before Saint Patrick
for Ireland, a younger addition. When it was decided that the flags of England
and Scotland should be joined, "the plan adopted was not simply to unite
or join the two flags, but was an attempt to more than unite; the intention was
to amalgamate and interlace or combine the two so as to produce an appearance
of complete union."
The Union Jack by Emanuel Green, Archaeological
Journal December 1891). Impalement and quartering would each have resulted in a
flag where one or other of the constituent flags was in the superior position;
next to the hoist, or in the upper canton. Combining the two flags avoided
this, and heraldically could be done in one of two ways. The alternative to the
chosen method results in a white saltire fimbriated blue over the flag of St
George, with additional fimbriation of white where the blue fimbriation crosses
the red cross. It was not an attempt to place the English cross in a superior
position. The Scottish variant is not heraldically correct since it is based on
a blue flag, which is not the flag of either country.
In the 1801 pattern of UJ, as originally designed, the
saltires of St Andrew and St Patrick were of even width, and were
"counter-changed" so as to give them (as nearly as possible) equal
importance, however, as the older symbol (and an established national flag) the
St Andrew was placed uppermost in the first quarter thus quite rightly giving
it the "position of honour" and precedence.
The official specification is based on 1/30ths of the
width (or height) of the flag. The St George's Cross is 6/30ths (1/5th) of the
width, the fimbriations to it are 2/30ths (1/15th) of the width. The St
Andrew's Cross is a total of 6/30ths (1/5th) of the width, measured
perpendicularly to the diagonal. This is made up, in the top hoist corner, top
to bottom, of 3/30ths white, 2/30ths red, 1/30th white. These dimensions apply
regardless of the length of the flag. An accurate drawing of the flag can be
found at this page, or on our page here.
My sources tell me that the proportions of Royal Navy
flags were set at 1:2 for ensigns and jacks, and 2:3 for command flags "
early in Queen Victoria's reign". Christopher Southworth, 18 April 2003
The Admiralty Flag Book of 1889 is not precise: "The
practice has been, in regard to the dimensions of flags generally, to make the
length twice the breadth at the head. Admiral, length is one and a half times
breadth."
the Scottish equivalent or “variant” of the Flag of England refers to Scotland’s own national flag, which is quite different in design and origin, but holds a parallel status to the English flag within the United Kingdom.
🏴 Flag of Scotland – The Saltire (St. Andrew’s Cross)
Description:
The Flag of Scotland, also known as the Saltire or the Cross of St. Andrew, features a white diagonal cross (an “X”-shaped cross, called a saltire) on a blue background.
📜 Historical Origins
The flag represents St. Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland, who, according to Christian tradition, was martyred on an X-shaped cross in the 1st century AD.
Legend says that the symbol first appeared in A.D. 832, before a battle near Athelstaneford in East Lothian.
The Scots, led by King Óengus (Angus) II, saw a white saltire appear in the blue sky — interpreted as a sign from St. Andrew promising victory.
Inspired by this vision, they won the battle, and the saltire became Scotland’s sacred emblem.
It is one of the oldest national flags in continuous use — possibly the oldest in Europe.
⚙️ Design and Specifications
Design: White diagonal cross (St. Andrew’s Cross) on a blue field.
Colors:
Blue: Traditionally a light sky blue, but since 2003 the official color has been standardized as Pantone 300 (azure blue).
White: Represents purity and peace.
Proportion: Usually 3:5 (same as most UK flags).
🏰 Relation to the Flag of England
The Scottish Saltire is to Scotland what the St. George’s Cross is to England — each represents a patron saint and stands as the national symbol of its respective country.
Feature
Flag of England
Flag of Scotland
Patron Saint
St. George
St. Andrew
Design
Red upright cross on white
White diagonal cross on blue
Symbolism
Courage, valor, and faith
Loyalty, humility, and truth
Introduced
12th–13th century
9th century (legendary), used by 13th century
Used In
England, part of Union Flag
Scotland, part of Union Flag
🇬🇧 Role in the Union Flag (Union Jack)
When the Union of the Crowns (1603) and later the Act of Union (1707) united England and Scotland, their two flags were combined:
The red cross of St. George (England) was superimposed over
The white saltire of St. Andrew (Scotland) on a blue field.
This fusion created the first version of the Union Flag, which was later modified in 1801 with the addition of St. Patrick’s red saltire (for Ireland), producing the modern Union Jack.
📅 Modern Use
The Saltire is the official flag of Scotland and flies from Scottish Government buildings, schools, and institutions across the country.
It is also used by Scottish sports teams, cultural events, and proudly displayed on St. Andrew’s Day (30 November).
It appears on other regional flags, such as the Royal Standard of Scotland (the red lion on yellow) when the monarch is in Scotland.
🕊️ Symbolism
White Saltire: Represents St. Andrew’s martyrdom and the ideals of peace, humility, and faith.
Blue Field: Symbolizes the sky and the divine protection of Scotland.
The Flag of the United Kingdom, commonly known as the Union Flag or Union Jack, is one of the most famous national flags in the world. It symbolizes the political union of England, Scotland, and (historically) Ireland under one monarchy.
Here’s a detailed overview:
🇬🇧 Official Name
Union Flag (“Union Jack” is its popular name, especially when flown at sea — but both terms are widely accepted today.)
🏴 Design Description
Design: A combination of three different crosses, representing the patron saints of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Proportion: 1:2 (official).
Colors:
Red (Pantone 186 C)
White
Dark Blue (navy)
⚔️ Composition of the Flag
The Union Flag unites the symbols of three nations:
England:
St. George’s Cross – a red upright cross on a white background.
Represents the patron saint of England, St. George.
Scotland:
St. Andrew’s Cross – a white diagonal cross (saltire) on a blue field.
Represents Scotland’s patron saint, St. Andrew.
Ireland (Northern Ireland today):
St. Patrick’s Cross – a red diagonal cross on a white background.
Represents St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland.
When these three crosses are combined, they form the Union Flag, symbolizing the unity of these three historic kingdoms under one crown.
🏰 Historical Development
1606 – Union of England and Scotland:
King James VI of Scotland, who became James I of England, ordered the creation of a flag combining the St. George’s Cross (England) and the St. Andrew’s Cross (Scotland).
This first version of the Union Flag was used primarily at sea.
1707 – Act of Union:
England and Scotland formally united to create the Kingdom of Great Britain.
The 1606 flag was then adopted as the official national flag.
1801 – Union with Ireland:
The red saltire of St. Patrick was added after Ireland joined the union, creating the current design we know today.
Although most of Ireland later left the UK in 1922, the flag remained unchanged, and St. Patrick’s Cross continues to represent Northern Ireland.
🕊️ Symbolism
Blue Field: Represents Scotland’s background (St. Andrew’s saltire).
Red Cross: Strength and courage (England’s St. George).
Diagonal Red Saltire: Unity with Ireland (St. Patrick).
The overlapping design reflects harmony and cooperation among the nations of the United Kingdom.
⚓ Name “Union Jack”
The name “Union Jack” originally referred to the flag when flown on the jackstaff of a ship (a small pole at the bow).
Over time, people began using “Union Jack” for the flag on land as well, and it has become an accepted informal name.
📅 Modern Use
The Union Flag is the official national flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
It is flown on:
Government buildings
British embassies abroad
Royal and national celebrations (such as King’s Birthday, Remembrance Day, Coronation ceremonies)
It is also incorporated into the flags of several other countries and territories that were once part of the British Empire, such as Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji.
📜 Fun Facts
The flag is not symmetrical — the diagonal red lines (St. Patrick’s Cross) are intentionally offset to distinguish it from St. Andrew’s white saltire.
The Union Flag is sometimes flown upside down by mistake — when the broader white line of St. Andrew’s Cross is below the red line instead of above it. This is considered a sign of distress.
The Flag of England is one of the oldest and most recognizable flags in the world. It consists of a red cross on a white background, known as the St. George’s Cross.
Here’s a detailed overview:
🏴 Description
Design: A red cross on a white field.
Proportion: 3:5 (standard), though variations exist.
Name: The St. George’s Cross (after England’s patron saint).
Colors:
Red (Pantone 186 C)
White background
🏰 Historical Origins
The flag’s design dates back to the Middle Ages.
The red cross became associated with St. George, a Christian martyr and soldier-saint who was venerated as a protector of warriors and crusaders.
During the Crusades (11th–13th centuries), English knights adopted the red cross on white as their distinguishing emblem when fighting in the Holy Land.
By the 13th century, the symbol had become firmly linked to England and was used by English soldiers, ships, and royal banners.
👑 Adoption as the National Flag
The St. George’s Cross was officially recognized as the flag of England during the Middle Ages, particularly under the reign of King Edward III (1327–1377), who made St. George the patron saint of England.
It has been used ever since as a symbol of English identity, distinct from the later Union Flag (Union Jack), which represents the entire United Kingdom.
🇬🇧 Relation to the Union Jack
When England united with Scotland in 1606 (forming Great Britain) and later with Ireland in 1801 (forming the United Kingdom), the English flag of St. George was combined with:
Scotland’s flag: the white saltire (X-shaped cross) of St. Andrew on a blue field.
Ireland’s flag: the red saltire of St. Patrick (added in 1801).
These combined elements created the Union Flag, commonly known as the Union Jack — but the red cross of St. George remains the core element representing England within that design.
⚽ Modern Use
Today, the St. George’s Cross is widely flown:
During national celebrations and sporting events, especially football (soccer), cricket, and rugby matches.
On St. George’s Day (23 April), the national day of England.
By English institutions, such as the Church of England, which also uses it as its flag with an added gold bishop’s mitre.
📜 Symbolism
Red Cross: Bravery, sacrifice, and faith.
White Background: Peace and purity.
Together, the flag symbolizes courage and righteousness — values traditionally associated with St. George, who, according to legend, slew a dragon to save a kingdom.
